ABSTRACT
In the olden days, it was a well-known facts, that a rich
and wealth man is known by the number of children and yam barns he had.
(Greater in number) but recently, the reverse is the case, in that a rich and
wealth man is known as a man with lesser number of children who he takes
greater care of.
The mass media
had played a contributory role recently to educate parents in particular and
the public in general of family planning programmes. This work however, is on
how the mass medial family planning programmes have reached the target audience
the moreover, how they feel about it.
The research work
has gone to prove that the family planning programmes as show on the screen or
listed to by the audience had in one way or the other changed the attitude of
some families positively towards child spacing.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE II
ABSTRACT III
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1
Background 1
1.2 Brief history of family planning 2
1.3 Statement of problem 9
1.4
Purpose of the study 10
1.5
Significance of the study 10
1.6
Scope of the study 12
1.7
Research questions 12
1.8A Hypothesis 13
1.8B Assumption 14
1.9 Definition of terms 15
1.10 Operational and
theoretical framework 15
CHAPTER TWO
SOURCES
2.1
Rules of the media and programme strategies 17
2.2
Summary of literature review 32
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research design 36
3.2
Research sample 36
3.3
Measuring instrument 37
3.4
Data collection 37
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
Analyses and resume 39
4.2
Hypotheses test 43
4.3
Results 46
4.4
Discussion 48
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE STUDY
5.1
Summary 49
5.2
Recommendation for future study 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY 54
APPENDIX 56
QUESTIONNAIRE 57
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
Family planning as a concept of world social order is as old
as man.
It could be said
to be a means of population control other then by disease, war, or other natural
and man made disasters.
The term “family
panning†was only applied to this ageless phenomenon when the social effects of
abandoned babies, clue to illegal abortion and problem of outsize poor families
began to seriously bother the mind of sociologists, health workers and
governments.
Family planning
has received media coverage around the world since it’s inception in 1916.
Initially people reacted against it, due to misconception and ignorance of aim
and values of family planning, but as the issue develop, it clear the people’s
eyes and their perception more enlightened.
Internationally,
the United Nation (UN) through an agency, the world health organization (WHO)
has championed the publicity campaign for the introduction and the development
modification and sometimes outright discontinuation of some aspect to the
family planning qualified media coverage and manifested the importance of
population in planning for world demographic and Economics distribution.
1.2
BRIEF HISTORY OF
FAMILY PLANNING
The origin of family planning can bee traced to the concern
shown by two sisters Margaret sanger (1966-1976) married and her sister Ethel,
on the tremendous loss of lives usually involving schools gulls and woman
during childbirth.
Sanger who was
trained as a nurse carried out a very courageous crusade against the legal
system in the united state of American in the early part of the country to get
abortion legalized. She was known to have developed the phrase “Birth controlâ€
to and have set up clinics in 1916.
Another, woman,
Marie Stapes, followed Margaret’s steps seven years later by setting up a
“Birth control†clinics in London
in 1923. It was not until 1952, that family planning made it’s first imprint on
the international scene in the year, an international conference of family
planning was held in Bombry on November 29th, This was the birth of
the international planning parenthood federation (IPDF) under the joint
chairmanship of Margaret Sanger and Lady Ranca Rau.
Meanwhile, the
acceptance of family planning as a practice has show at the first time.
Sweden, because
of the first world action of family planning came in twenty-four years after
the birth “IPPE†in 1976 and sixty years alter Sanger opened the first “Birth
control clinicâ€. It was funds to the united nation funds for population
activities (UNFPA).
During the long
period of uncertainty in the development and acceptance of family planning the
phenomenon was widely regarded believed to be a public health exercise designed
to improve the health of the mother and child in the family, it was only later
when scientist (social and physical) began to take more interest in the issue
that it began to be strictly associated with an aim at population control, in
conjunction with the General improvement of family health and consequently
national and world health.
The development
of the world and national economic also depend very much on the planning the
uses population in his famous essay on the principles of population 1798. He
said that population was increasing faster than the rate of which food was
being produces.
He postulated
that the world economics order was developing in arithmetical progression.
1,2,3, while population was increasing in geometrical progression 2,4, and
6.This assertion corroborated with the world population growth rate project as
show in charts AP.
Today, family
planning is a worldwide activity, implemented and financed by the PPFN.
In Nigerian, the
planed parent-hood federation of Nigerian (PPFN) formerly known as the family
planning council of Nigerian (FPCN) was established in 1960 as a reaction and
social welfare profess to the prevailing social and health relate problems of
the time. These problems include child dumping unwanted pregnancies leading to
illegally induced abortions and morality (death) resulting from too closely
spaced pregnancies.
The proposal to
establish the family planning council of Nigerian was considered after the
occurrence to two tragic cases septic abortion of 1957. These cases attracted
the attention of the marriage guidance council in Lagos to existing family planning problems.
As a result this,
a committee was set up to investigate the need for family planning services in
the country. The reports of this committee revealed that it was a common
practice among married and unmarried woman with unwanted pregnancies to commit
illegal abortion. Family planning services was therefore needed to stop or
reduce it (abortion).
In 1962 Miss.
Edith Gate of the pathfinder find visited Nigerian and met with the members of
the National council of woman societies (NCNS). This led to the setting up of a
family planning committee with the responsibilities for family planning
activities and marriage counseling.
CHARTS A1: INORID POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATE
10,000 BC 5
Million
1 AC 200
Million
1959 AD 500
Million
1962 AD 3
Billion
1971 AD 3.7
Billion
2002 AD 9
Billion
Source: A guide
to family planning S.K. Nwangori PP15.
Varuom family
planning programmes on the English and Vernacular such Nigerian –Television
Authority N.T.A. channel 8 Enugu.
In lighter mood, ESBS “Ezi na ulo†have also been initiated to arouse the
consciousnesses of people to the dangers and problems inherent in giving birth
to more children that one cannot adequately and conveniently cater and care
for.
As a result, the
present hash Economics realistic, a new population policy was introduced by the
government whereby four children will be the maximal a woman will bare.
The government
went further to sponsor some radio and television jingles on population and
family planning. It should be noted that the media plays a significant role in
the spread of the family planning though their various educational programmes
on rational and benefits of family planning in order to build up healthy and
happy families.
This study
attempts to find out to what extent the media has gone in performing this role
and how the media massage has influenced the discussion of the audience in the
family panning matters.
It also attempts
to know how population control can hap the economies growth of family and the
state as a whole.
1.3
STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM
Its important to make it clear that family planning is not
just for stopping child bearing but it is also for child spacing.
In Nigeria,
evidence shows that over population has been one of problem in economics
development. The problem is that people behave to bear the entire child in
their womb, without knowing the result.
Population has to
be control, to the availability of resource to the counting, to enable the
countries economics growth suit the population. In doing so, the countries
social, cultural and economic development will grow.
Meanwhile, the
media in it’s own has face many problems on family planning programmes.
Theses problems
was as a result how infrastructure equipment etc.
These problems
are the factors, which contribute to the media from reaching it target
audience.
1.4
PURPOSE OF THE
STUDY
The purpose of this study is to examine the media coverage
in family planning programmes and the effects of such coverage on the attitude
of the families in Enugu
state towards family planning.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Firstly, this research work is aimed at finding out whether
media coverage of family planning programmes in Enugu state has helps the people to know
about the family planning and adopt them to their various families.
Secondly, what more could be done and in what area, to reach
the people with enough and timely information and facilitate on the family
planning.
Since the families of most poor people in Enugu state are
know to be over populated, the application of family planning principles is
considered of importance cutting down on the fade of excessive family six.
A National population growth enhance by the family planning
is believed to be necessary to make the government releases the objective of
efficient and even development of nation on all phase of life.
The result of this research will help family planning
organization to know the media strategies that are most effective in decimating
family planning information.
1.6
SCOPE
OF THE STUDY
Enugu
state and beyond are the area for this study. The result of this study will be
generalized to high validity in that it can bee carryout in any other place
with a reasonable identical result provided that factors like social,
economics, political, religion, influence the value system of each area taken
into account and adequately adjusted.
1.7
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1)
In what ways have the media helps
families to adopt family planning programmes.
2)
How does, some families in south East
adopt the technique.
3)
How many times does, families visit
family planning clinics.
4)
Does viewing of television campaign,
change families, on family planning?
5) What
extent does education effects the adopting of these family planning programmes.
1.8A HYPOTHESIS
H1: The media have played an effective role in
family planning in the South East.
H0: The media have not played effective role in
all in family planning programmes.
H2: The mass media coverage have motivated many
families on adopting of family planning programs.
H0:
The mass media have not motivated family planning programmes.
H3: The number of time, one visited family
clinics does not change one’s attitude of the adopting family planning.
H0: Number of time, one visited family planning
clinic does planning programmes.
1.8B ASSUMPTIONS
The research assumed that respondents of this study have
access to radio, television, Newspaper and magazine.
It is also assumed that they are exposed to mass media
programmes on family planning.
There is also an assumption that the media education
campaign has very high research objectives of researching all it target
audience.
1.9
DEFINITIONS
OF TERMS
CONCEPTUAL
1) MEDIA: It
is the mean of communication with target number people especially, television,
radio, newspaper, it is also can defined as a channel which information are
disseminated to the public and reach target audience.
2) MEDIA STRATEGIES: these
are the blue print designed by the media for achieving a particular purpose.
3) FAMILY PLANNING:
It is a process of planning the number of children, intervals between birth in
the family by using birth control.
4) FAMILY:
It is a group consisting of one or two parents and their children.
1.10 OPERATIONAL AND THEORETICAL FRMEWORK
1) MEDIA: This
is channel used in the research in all form of mass information dissemination,
radio, TV, newspaper- applied by the media to attract their target audience.
2) MEDIA STRATGIES: As
used in this research, it means the various technique applied by the media to
attract their target audience.
3) FAMILY PLANNING: As
used in this research, at is a means by which couples space and control the
number of children, they can adequately cater for.
4) FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMERS: In
this research work, it means those programmes of FRCN, ESBS, NTA- used by
families to achieve family planning objective.
5) FAMILY:
As used this work, it means, a primary social group consisting of inter-parents
and their offspring.
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