ABSTRACT
This work is an attempt to evolve a
quicker and easier method of achieving cylindrical shape object from a work price.
This will no double save considerable human labour and time wastage involved in
traditional manual method of carving.
To achieve this preliminary experiment was carried out to determine the
optimum speed of this machine various design alternatives for achieving the
design solution were synthesized and a choice of an economic method which would
satisfy the objective was made. Based on the principles guiding the performance
of the machine, the dimensions and sizes of the various components were established.
Appropriate materials were
subsequently selected and fabricated to required sizes. The machine was then
assembled and tested.
After testing, it was found to perform
efficiently thus satisfying the objective for which it was designed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval
Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of
Contents
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1 Objectives
1.2
Literature Review
1.3
Trend in Lather Machine
1.4
Dimensions and Specifications
1.5
Statement of Problems
1.6
Purpose of Study
1.7
Scope of Work
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
Synthesis of Solutions
2.1 Theory and Analysis of Problems
2.2
Materials Selection
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0
Assembly Procedure
3.1 Testing and Evaluation
3.2
Operational/Safety Guide
3.3
General Maintenance
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Cost Analysis
4.1 Material Cost
4.2
Labour Cost
4.3
Overhead Cost
4.4
Summary of Costs
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0
Conclusion
5.1 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
In recent
times, the demand for interior decorations and cylindrical objects has been on
the increase from the furniture and boundary industries. With it, comes the
choice of various designs and models. In order to meet up with the increasing
demand of the industries led to the design of a good number of machines that
can be used by the craftsman to create different wood designs, amongst which is
the wood lather machine.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
Apart from
putting into practical the theoretical knowledge acquired from the class room,
the main objectives of the project are:
a) To use available local materials in
fabrication.
b) To achieve a reduction in the cost of
production of the machine.
c) To reduce the labour cost and time spent
on using hand tools for wood dressing.
d) To create awareness for, and encouragement
of indigenous technology.
e) Increase productivity and creativity.
The vital need for the
fabrication of a wood lathe is significant in the much delay and time as well
as energy wasted in using simple hand took to carry out operations moreover,
the cost of importation of a lather machine, is too high for average user.
Similar to the use of other
machine tools, the wood lathes machine will help to reduce cost, save labour
time and consequently increase the rate of production and craftsman’s skill. It
is also important to explore the design of machines to improve on the ones already
in existence.
By the early middle age the lathe
is still driven by a cord, the new lathe used the tension of a bent tree branch
or cut pole to provide a stronger and more convenient way of furring
coordinated with the pole was a treadle, which pulled down on the cord wrapped
around the work itself, or on a spindle attached to the work. The treadle
regulates the speed at which the piece turned. This arrangement displeased with
the need for an assistant. The troublesome feature of the early lathers that the
pole and treadle system did not address was the need for continuous
motion.
The search for a lather that
would turn in only one direction probably ended in the fifteenth century, when
the lathers powered by cranked flywheels and giant wheels powered by hand foot
horse, and even water were invented, Leonardo a Vinci was one of the many
inventors who designed the early continuous drive lather. However, today, wood
lather machined are powered by an electric motor which provide the continuous
motion needed.
Although, wood lathe machines are
made from metal steel, iron etc.
1.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Traditionally, it was thought
that the ancient Egyptians introduced lather turning. Perhaps as much as 4,000
years ago. Despite a lack of hard evidence, it was assumed that a civilized
nation as advanced as Egypt’s – is known to develop the Potter’s wheel and bow drill – possessed the technical
know – how and skill to have made the invention of the lathe inevitable.
Instead, scholars now believe that the lathe was invented around a thousand
years B.C., and that its development may have occurred simultaneously among the
Etrusians in Italy, the
Celts in Great Britain, and
the inhabitants of the Crimea. By the second
century B.C., the lather was known to most of the people of the Near East and Europe. Originally, the lather was vertically oriented,
like the Potter’s wheel. In the case of farning, the lather was eventually
mounted on a table France, to be used mainly in a standing position. Virtually
all early lathes were powered by cord and required that a helper assist the
Craftsman and Non- metal (Hard wood). Those the frame made of wood are faced
with the problem of durability and the ability to withstand shock.
However, the major problems that
are prevalent with the existing lathes are:
1.
Retching
and vibration which translates into the spindle and bindweed thereby making it
impossible to reduce anything accurately.
2.
Base
not rigid or heavy enough.
3.
tai/stock
base do not lock down well enough and operators often retightening it.
4.
Tool
rest do not lock down well enough.
Finally, as the furniture and
founding industries demand for cylindrical object increases, the need for
effective, economical and efficient lathe arise. To meet up with the industrial
demand and combat the problems found in the existing wood lathe machines, hence
the embarkment of this project.
1.3
TREND IN LATHE MACHINE
FABRICATION
The emergence of the lathe
machine dated back to some thousand years B.C., but it gained popularity
between sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Then opticians used it for cutting
lenses, used in the construction of astronomical Telescopes. They modified the
relatively rough technique for special purposes. Artisans and furniture makers
used the large lathes in turning fancy works, though the frames were made of
wood and headstock depending on the work being done.
Discussed below are some related
lathe machines:
A) CENTRE LATHE MACHINE
The centre lathe is used to machine metals, by
rotating the work piece mounted between centers against a cutting tool. The
tool can be fed both transversely and longitudinally with respect to the
turning axis of the job. The tool can be operated manually of automatically and
many shapes as well as different works can be carried out on the centre lathe
such work as cylindrical, eccentric or conical shapes can be machined. Also
done on the centre lathe are threading and boring operations.
B) CERAMIC LATHE MACHINE
The ceramic lathe is used for ceramic
machining alone, though the operation is similar to that of the centre lathe.
C) WOOD LATHE
The wood lathe, just like other types of lathe, can
be used to carry out a wide range of machining operations. It saves time and
does not need much skill as in the use of hand tools.
1.4
DIMENSIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS
Below are the dimensions and
specification as regards the fabrication of the wood lathe machine.
1. Total length of the machine 1680mm
2. Total height of the machine 1200mm
3. With of the machine 240mm
4. The electric motor
Rpm 2820rpm
Horse power capacity 3hp
Power 2.2KW
Frequency 50Hz
Voltage 240V
Current 8.9/49A
5. The space between the bed rails 140mm
6. Diameter of the headstock pulley 137mm
7. Diameter of electric motor’s pulley 98mm
8. With of tailstock 240mm
9. V – belt A-56
10. Maximum length of work piece 1100mm
11. Minimum length of work piece 300mm
13. Maximum diameter of work piece 300mm
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
To improve the existing wood lathe machine so that
the output is increase and operator fatigue is reduce.
CONDITION OF USE
Lathe to be used in workshop
environment, it must be able to withstand mechanical vibration.
PERFORMANCE
Operation to be no noisier than when
manually turned. Wood lather to be capable of an output higher than currently
achieved in the existing once. The machine is to be operated continuously for a
period of 8hours in a workshop environment without need for any attention.
CAPACITY
The machine capacity is the distance
between centers and the swing which are the two basic measurement of capacity
for lathe. The distance between centers is the maximum length of wood you can
turn between the headstock and the tailstock. While the swing determines the
diameter of the jobs that can be turned over the bed.
RELIABILITY AND
LIFE
The machine must be sufficiently reliable compare
with the existing once. Life expectancy for full loading at 8hours per day must
exceed 20years.
1.5
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The continuous guest to have the
problems of man and his growing needs solved has led to the establishment of
factories and other industries, which necessitates an intermediate technology.
However, simple hand tools that were in used before are no longer efficient for
mass production. In the same manner the importation f wood lathe machine as a
substitute for these tools, likewise has failed to meet man’s insatiable
economy.
Then, there comes the need for
urgent attention to a better and locally made wood lathe machine.
1.6
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The design and fabrication of
wood lathe machine aims among other things at a maximum justification of a
simple way of scraping and cutting off wood at its best quality at a minimum
cost of labour, so that the financial burden of people can be reduced.
The simple design and
construction of the machine, makes it viable reliable, and easy to carry out
maintenance services at minimum bearable cost.
1.7
SCOPE OF WORK
Essentially, the machine
comprises the frame made of metal, with the headstock fixed in position; the
tailstock moves along the bed of the machine, and the tool rest mounted on a
cross slide which can be moved both longitudinally and transversely on the bed.
It is located between the headstock and the tailstock.
In operations, the machine is
limited to only a turning and cutting of any type of wood. Drilling operations
cannot be performed on the machine.
Get the Complete Project Material Now!!!
