ABSTRACT
We
constructed an open steam distillation column with the following
specifications:-
FOR
THE COLUMN
Height
of column = 500mm
Length
of pot = 50mm
Diameter
of pot = 5mm
FOR THE STILL
Port
of thickness = 500mm
Length
of pot = 300mm
Diameter
of pot = 100mm
FOR THE CONDESER
Condenser
thickness = 2mm
Diameter
of the connecting = 20mm
Pipe
=
Length
of pot = 200mm
Diameter
of pot = 2mm
Generally, the material used in the
construction (open steam distillation column) was mild steel sheet and
galvanized sheet.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
page
Letter
of transmittal
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table
of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 literature review
2.1
Distillation
processes
2.1.1
Binary distillation
2.1.2
Multi component distillation
2.2
Distillation
unit
2.2.1
The batch distillation unit
2.2.2
Simple batch distillation unit
2.2.3
Batch distillation unit with pacification
2.2.4
Continuous distillation unit
CHAPTER THREE
3.1
Properties
and selection of material for construction
3.2
Effect
of temperature on the mechanical properties
3.1.2
Corrosion and erfosion resistance
3.1.3
Economic
consideration (cost)
3.1.4
Contamination
3.1.5
Selection
of materials
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
Fabrication
procedure
4.2
Marking
out
4.2.1
The
column
4.2.2
The condenser
4.2.3
The boiler
4.2.4
The stand
4.2.5
The connection pipes
4.3
Diagrams
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX
Conclusion/recommendations
References
Appendices/costing
Tables
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Distillation is a separating technique
in which two liquids are separated at essentially the same temperature and
pressure. It is also the term used to
describe the operation where the vaporization of a liquid mixture yields a
vapor phase containing more than one constituents and it is desired to recover
one or more of this constituents in a nearly pure state.
It would probably be beneficial to
define the terms that describe the process and related properties. Let us begin by describing the process by
which a substance transformed from the condensed phase to the gas phase. For liquid, this process is called
VAPORIZATION and for a solid it is called SUBMIATIN, both processes requires
heat. All substances regardless whether
they are liquids or solids are characterized by a vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of a pure substance is the
pressure exerted by the substance against the external pressure which is
usually atmospheric pressure. Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency
to escape. When the vapor pressure of a
liquid substance reaches the external pressure the substance is observed to
Boil. If the external pressure is
atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance boils is called
the NORMAL BOILING POINT. Solid
substances are not characterized by a similar phenomena called BOILING. They simply vaporize directly into the
atmosphere.
Generally speaking, distillation,
stripping, absorption, humidification are industrial stage wise operations
which involves the contact of two phases in various apparatus. Completion of separation depends upon certain
properties of components involved and the arrangement of the distillation
process.
The
properties involved are:
-
Mode
of temperature and process control
-
The
relative volatility between the liquid and vapor phases
-
The
production capacity of the distiller
-
The
type of distillation involved
However,
the importance of distillation in commercial process is the purification of a
large variety of material and petroleum industries. It is applied in the production of hot drinks
in chemical industries. Also, applied in
oil companies for the separation of petroleum into its various components e.g
kerosene, diesel, gasoline, petrol, fuel, oil, lubricating oil, paraffin wax,
aliphatic etc. Lastly, it is equally
applied in pharmaceutical industries for the production of ethylated spirits
and many other medical strubs.
Get the Complete Project Material Now!!!
