ABSTRACT
This project “production of
plane mirror using local raw material†is meant to study the possibility of
producing plane mirror using sand rich in silica as its major local raw
material.
Plane mirror is produced by casting one side of a sheet
glass. Presently in Nigeria, sheet glass is not used
easily produce and as such, the local raw material used in the in the
production of plane mirror in this product backing paint. The facilities for the production include
spraying gun and finger brush.
In the
course of production, the silver nitrate was first mixed with a reducing
reagent; we formaldehyde of glucose, all in a distilled water. After which the mirror backing paint was
mixed with some amount of thinner. The
float glass was then washed with warm water and allowed to dry. After drying, it was first coated with silver
nitrate solution after the use of talcum power to rub on the back of the glass.
A second
spraying of mirror- backing paint was done after the silver nitrate coating had
dried up. This whole operation now
resulted to a plane-mirror since a plane mirror is also a coated glass.
The
reflection of the mirror was taken after coating the glass, while the
refractive index of the glass was taken before coating the float glass to form
a mirror.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval
page
Letter of
transmittal
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of
content
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Definition:
1.3 Aims:
1.4 Scope of Study:
1.5 Uses:
1.6 Properties:
CHAPTER TWO
1.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Plane Mirror
2.2 Raw Material for Production of Plane Mirror
2.2.1 Sand
2.2.2 Soda Ash (Sodium Trioxocarbonate Iv)
2.2.3 Limestone (Calcium Trioxocarbonate (W)
2.3.0 Other Raw Material (Ie Additives)
2.3.1 Colouring and Decolourizing Agents
2.3.2 Melting and Refining Agents
2.3.3 Opalizing Agents
2.2.4 Modifiers
2.3.5 Cullet
2.40 Types of Furnaces
2.4.1 Tank Furnance
2.4.2 Pot Furances
2.4.3 Day Tanks
2.4.3 Recuperative Furnance
2.5.0
Glass Formation
2.5.1 Glass Melting Process
2.5 Preparation of the Batch
2.5.1 Melting Of Glass
2.6 Types
of Glasses
2.6.2 Float Glass
2.7 Manufacture of Mirror
2.7.1 Sequence of Production
2.7.2 Cutting
2.7.2 Labelling
2.7.3 Polishing
2.7.4 Washing Operation
2.7.5 Silvering Spraying
2.7.6 Painting
2.7.7 Oven
2.7.8 Cleaning and Inspection
2.7.10 Drilling
2.8.0 Types of Mirrors
2.9.0 Optical Properties of Mirror
2.9.1 Refractive Index and Dispersion
2.9.2 Transparency
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Experiment Procedure for Production
Of plane mirror
3.1 Raw Materials
3.2 Apparatus/Equipment
3.3 Preparation
of mirror silvering chemical
3.4 Operational
procedures involved in the production of plane mirror
3.5
Experimental Result
3.5.1
Refractive Index Of Glass
3.5.2 Reflection of Plane Mirror
3.61
Experimental Date For Refractive
Index
3.61.1
Experimental Data For Reflection
3.5.2 Reflection of Plane Mirror
CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER SIX
RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER ONE
2.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORICAL
BACKROUND
According to the history of glass- mirror- Eye glasses-
spectacles – contact lenses onlineâ€, the history of mirror dates back to the
ancient time when mankind first saw reflections in a pound or river and
considered it magic. At first polished stone or later glass was used in early
man-made mirrors later glass was used in combination with metals like tin,
mercury, and leads to create mirror.
Today combing glass and metal is still design used in almost all modern
mirrors. Mirrors are made by coating
flat glass with silver, gold or mirror paints dates from Roman times and the
inventor is unknown.
According
to steve Robinson (htlp:11 www. Restoration-advice org/pages/mirrors-history
html), mirror made of brass are mentioned is the bible, and mirrors of bronze
were is common use among the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Polished silver was also used by the Greeks
and Romans to produce reflection. Crude
form of glass mirrors were first made is Venice
in 1300. By the end of 17th
century mirrors were made is Britain
and the manufacture of mirrors developed
in the other European countries and in U.SA.
The first
attempt to back glass with a solution of silver was made by the German chemist
Justus von liebiy in 1836, various methods have been developed since then, that
depend on the chemical reduction of a silver salt to metallic silver.
1.2 DEFINITON:
According
to “the history of glass-mirror on line†mirror can be defined as a reflecting
surface that forms an image of an object when light rays coming from that
object fall upon the surface. A plane
mirror, which is flat, reflects light without changing the image. Thee are two types of mirror; the convex
mirror and the concave mirror. A convex mirror look like an upside-down
bowl. In a concave mirror which has
bigger in the center, while a concave mirror which has a bowl shape, object
looks smaller in the center the
1.3 AIMS:
The aim of
this project is to determine the production of plane mirror using local raw
materials due to its application in our daily activity and life.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY:
The scope
of this project is to outline the sequence of production of mirror using local
raw material and the operations involved.
1.5 USES:
The uses of
plane mirror in science cannot be overemphasized. For instance, plane mirror is
one of he apparatus needed for the experimental verification of the law of
reflection in physics. The inclination
of plane mirrors can also help in the manufacture of periscope and
kaleidoscope. Plane mirror is also
widely used in our home as security. It
is also use to see distance object in our homes. It can be used in building houses after
tempering and for domestic purposes.
1.6 PROPERTIES:
Plane
mirror undergoes regular refection and produce a virtual image on incident beam
of light or ray of light on the surface, but apart form that plane mirror has
physical and chemical properties. This
physical properties are viscosity, strength, index of refraction, dispersion
light transmission, (both total and as a function of wavelength, corrosion
resistance and electrical properties.
The chemical properties are reaction involves diffusion of corns out of
glass into the attacking materials and counter diffusion of ions form attacking
material into the glass. Reactions in
which the silicate network is demolished.
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