ABSTRACT
This
research work titled “Analysis of unemployment problem among graduates in
Anambra state†The
researcher examined the various causes of unemployment among graduates of
higher institution in Anambra State. Evaluated the effect of unemployment to
the development of Anambra State. The researcher equally examined the rate of
unemployed graduates in Anambra state. Data for the study was sourced from two
main sources which include Primary and Secondary sources of data Collection.
Primary data: questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information
from the respondents. Secondary data: Journals and other relevant materials
relating to the area of my investigation will be review. Extensive literature
review was carried out on the direct literature and indirect literature on
books, journals and past works. The research instrument used in this study
includes oral interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire is structural as
to contain both close and open ended question. Simple tables and percentages
were used in treatment of data. The researcher found out that the major causes
of unemployment among graduates in Anambra state are; The
long period of initial unemployment among university graduates in Nigeria, Over
regulation, Wage rigidity, Efficiency wage, Faulty manpower
planning and expansion of educational facilities that have unduly raised the
expectations of Nigerian youths.
And Continued proportionality of expatriates in employment. Based on the findings the
researcher recommends that Government should enact a law that best corpers be
automatically employed wherever they served than throw them into the saturated
labor market if the so-mouthed ‘One Nigeria’ is anything to believe in. Government should introduce welfare package
for the unemployed rather than wasting the existing resources in corruption. Lastly, our educational system should be
overhauled to produce graduate that are functional in industries.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - vii
Table content - - - - - - - - viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Background of the study- - - - - 2
1.3 Statement of problem - - - - - - 5
1.4
Research questions - - - - - 6
1.5
Objective of the Study - - - -- 7
1.6
Significance of the Study - - - - - -8
1.7
Statement of hypothesis - - - - - -9
1.8
Justification for the study - - - - - 9
1.9 Scope
of the Study - - - - - - 10
1.10 Definition of Terms - - - - - -10
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Introduction - - - - - - - - -11
2.2 Conceptual Framework- - - - - - -13
2.3 Theoretical Framework
- - - - - - -19
2.4 Literature on the
subject matter - - - - -29
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design- - - - - - - -49
3.2
Area
of Study- - - - -- - - -50
3.3
Sources
of Data- - - - - - - -51
3.3.1
Primary Data- - - - - - - -51
3.3.2
Secondary Data- - - - - - - -52
3.4
Sampling
Techniques - - - - - -53
3.5 Method of Data Collection - - - - - -56
3.6
Method
of Data Analysis - - - - - -57
3.7 Limitations
of the Study- - - - - -58
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND
DISCUSION
4.1 Data Analysis Findings and Discussion - - -60
4.2
Findings of the Study - - - - - - -66
4.3
Discussion of Findings- - - - - - -71
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Summary of findings- - - - - - -74
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - -75
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - -77
5.4
Proposal for Further Studies - - - - -79
References- - - - - - - - -80
Appendix
- - - - - - - - -84
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Economists are unable
to agree on the causes of or cures for unemployment (or anything else, it
seems). The essence of the Keynesian explanation is that firms demand too
little labour because individuals demand too few goods. The classical view was
that unemployment was voluntary and could be cleared by natural market forces.
The neo-classical
theory is that there is a natural rate of unemployment, which reflects a given
rate of technology, individual preferences and endowments. With flexible wages
in a competitive labour market, wages adjust to clear the market and any
unemployment that remains is voluntary. The latter view was that held by Milton
Friedman and strongly influenced government policy in the early 1980s, but
without success. There is, of course, no simple explanation of unemployment and
no simple solution.
Unemployment can
conceive as the number of people
who are unemployed in an area, often given as a percentage of the total labor
force. These categorical of persons or people are actively looking for paid
employment without success under the prevailing economic condition.
1.2 Background of the study
Unemployment is the
greatest challenge to underdeveloped and developing countries. the phenomenon
of graduate unemployment (GU) as it is being experienced in the developing
countries constitute a peculiar problems to labor market and the general
economy of these countries. From the content analysis perceptions of job
seekers on the issue of graduate unemployment in a study conducted by Fajana
(2000), the following factors were identified as the major causes of
unemployment in Nigeria:
- the long period of initial unemployment among university graduates in
Nigeria, faulty manpower planning and expansion of educational facilities that
have unduly raised the expectations of Nigerian youths , the economic recession,
continued proportionality of expatriates in employment, the institution of NYSC,
the collective bargaining process, graduate attitude to some type of jobs attitude
to jobs in other location as well as search behaviour of employers and job
seekers, use of capital intensive technology, wide rural- urban migration ,
formal – informal sectors differentials.
All these and many other factors contribute the
causes of graduate unemployment in Nigeria.
Fajana (2000), and
Standing (1983) opined that unemployment can be describe as the state of
worklessness experienced by persons who are members of the labour force who
perceived themselves and are perceived by others as capable of work.
Unemployed people can
be categorized into those who have never worked after graduation from the
university and those who have lost their jobs thereby seeking reentry into
labour market. However, most of the previous study on unemployment of youths
especially of graduates unemployment in developing countries (Falae, 1971; Bhalla
1973;Diejomaoh,1979; Bear and Herve 1966;Bhagwati 1973; Diejomaoh and Orimolade
1971) have tended to ignore the special case of the university graduates that
are first time job seeker.
This study makes an attempt to focus on the
university graduate first job seeker.
According to William
(1976) the meaning of work to paid employment is the result of the development
of capitalist productive relations. However, according to Fajana (2002) the
concept of work has partly shifted from productive effort itself to the
predominant social relationship. For instance, it is only in the sense of
social relationship that a woman running a house and bringing up children can
be said not to be working (Hayes and Nutman, 1981; Iyoha)
1.3
Statement of problem
The yearbook of labour statistics (1984, 1985,
1986) reports that unemployment rate has generally risen during the world wide
recession of the 1980s and 90s. The rational steps taken by most management to
cope with the recession includes ban on recruitment. Since graduate are mostly
first job seekers, this practice of natural wastage, which involves the refusal
to fill vacancies imply that graduates directly hit.
The annual reports of
civil service commission (1981,1982) show that overseas recruitment were
carried out ostensibly because of the absence of qualified Nigerians to fill
some technological and professional jobs. This may have contributed to the
problem of unemployment in Nigeria. Contrary to this, Fajana (2000) argued that
the presence of expatriates in jobs may not cause graduate unemployment.
Nevertheless, this factor become very important when solutions to the problem
are being sought.
1.4 Research Questions
The
researcher developed the following research questions;
1. What
are the causes of unemployment among graduates of higher institution in Anambra
State?
2. Does
unemployment have any effect on the development of Anambra State?
3. What
is the rate of unemployed graduates in Anambra state.
4. What
are the possible ways of solving the unemployment problems in Nigeria and
Anambra state in particular?
1.5 Objective of the Study
The
aim of this research work is to analyze the causes of unemployment problems
among graduates of higher institution in Anambra state. The specific objectives
of this research work includes the following;
1. To
examine the various causes of unemployment among graduates of higher
institution in Anambra State.
2. To
evaluate the effect of unemployment to the development of Anambra State.
3. To
examine the rate of unemployed graduates in Anambra state.
4. To
suggest possible ways of solving the unemployment problems in Nigeria and
Anambra state in particular.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This
research work will be of immense help to:
The Researcher:
it will help the researcher to know more on the causes of unemployment problems among graduates of
higher institution in Anambra state.
Graduates: It
will also be of great importance to graduates in Anambra state as it will
enrich their knowledge on the possible ways of engaging themselves with one
form of employment of the other.
The country: This
study will be of great importance to the country Nigeria and Anambra state in
particular as it will help the policy makers to prorogate laws that will help
in the reduction of unemployment rate in the country.
1.7 Statement of hypothesis
Ho:
Unemployment does have effect on the development of Anambra State.
Ho:
Unemployment has significant effect on the development of Anambra State.
Ho:
The rate of unemployed graduates in Anambra state is very low.
H1:
The rate of unemployed graduates in Anambra state is very high.
1.8 Justification for the study
This research work will to a large extent examine
the rule causes of graduates unemployment in Nigeria and Anambra state in
particular.
1.9 Scope of the Study
The study shall causes of
unemployment problems among graduates of higher institution in Anambra state.
1.10
Definition of Terms
UNEMPLOYMENT: The state of
being unemployed, is one who has no job to do regardless as his strength and
qualification.
ENTERPRENUERSHIP: This is an
individual who has the power to view and evaluate his business opportunities,
gathering the necessary resource to take advantage of them and initiate
appropriate actions to make ensure their success.
DATA: This is known as a facts given which means
data collected by research for the work.
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