CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In many organization, no matter how small, no
management will waste time and effort in making arrangement for the supply of
the wrong quality goods.
The term “total quality determination†originated
in the united state in the mid to rate 1950’s (Hutchims, 1992) the first
reference to the term appeared in an article by Dr. A.V. fregenbawn and again
in his “total quality determination†engineering and management (1961). Total
quality determination as perceived by
its.
American gurns has its origins in mass production
and taylorism. At the time taylor styre
management was at its Chimax In
the united sate and unchallenged even by the behavioral scientist, quality determination
as a science has its root in the origins
of mass production, notably in the ford motor company.
Total quality today is markedly different from
any thing envisaged by its American pioneers. Quality systems have been
involving rapidly in recent years. Over the past twenty years, simple
inspection activities have been replaced or supplemented by quality
determination.
Quality assurance has along side been developed
and refined, and the most progressive companies are now working towards quality
determination. This is as a result of: (Nan organization becoming aware that
complying with the requirements of a particular quality system is not necessarily a sure-fire guarantee
against producing and delivery non-conformed products to the customer. A
quality assurance system does not necessarily, of itself encourage a continual
improvement approach to quality. It may mean only that an purchasing
organization has procedure in place.
a)
The imposition
of stringent quality requirement by major customers
b)
The loss of
market share to competitors
c)
Increased contact
with personnel from Japanese companies
d)
Published case
studies which focus on how companies have set about developing purchasing the
quality and the benefits of doing so
e)
The teaching
of internationally respected quality exports such as Deming, feigenbaum,
faguchi, juran Crosby and Shimgeo (Dale and Plunkett, 1990) the concept total
quality is basically new to managers, its practice therefore limited. The
singular concept of quality, control of management, it more common to modern
management through very in definition
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Literature dealing swith the concept of total
quality and till data more and more literature is still being produced as a
result of the widest interested in the subject matter of (PQD) and business
process improvement. There is therefore so much literature covering the subject
matter and its various aspects. Continuous cost reduction, productivity and
quality improvement have proved essential for purchasing organization to stay
in operation. It is almost impossible not to see how quality has developed into
the most important competitive weapon; many organizations have come to realize
that quality determination is the way for managing for the future.
Although, quality determination is for wider in
its application than assuring product or services quality. It is a way of
managing business processes to ensure complete customer satisfaction at every
stage (Lerit, 1994) because purchasing organization must more from satisfying
the customer to delighting the customer.
Organizations delight the customer by
consistently meeting customer requirements and their achieve a reputation for
excellence (Oakland, 1995) all members of the purchasing organization need to
work together on a company wide quality improvement basis to be able to meet
this goal. The co-operation of every one at every interface must be becured to
attention this level of perfection changing the life long behaviours of
customers and prejudices of an purchasing organization is not easy.
Experiences has proved that significant changes
to behaviours and attitudes cannot be made be simply throwing money and
training at the problem, something more is required. Dale and plunked, 1990).
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
It is the purposes of the study to determine it
there is a relation may be aware of the concept of (PQD), to what extent do
they practice (PQD) and at what levels of the organization. what is the cause
of this tend is part of our problem.
The longer a method of operating is in practice,
the more likely it is either accepted or abandoned based on its merits or
demerits, quality determination has not been rejected in theory or in practice
since inception, rather improvements are being made intermittently or as the
need arises. Having been generally, accepted, therefore, what gain have been
made by the purchasing organization that has adopted this new management style.
The general
view or noting that only purchasing organization with existing managerial problems need to switch to quality
determination can only be accepted to refuted after a rigorously enquiry into
why our study purchasing organization Michelin Nigerian limited, switched to
practice quality determination and why, along side the gains or benefits
desired form the change to quality determination.
Many purchasing organization have their
individualized or personalized definitions of quality and these definition often
guide the entire organization, research can bring to bear the different
definitions adopted or accepted by most manufacturing firms. Quality
determination however holds a firms definition of quality, that is the conform
once of requirement. (Hutchins, 1992).
There is a need to know how if the practice of
purchasing is quality determination has brought about an improvement in the
organizations product quality.
Since quality can be perceived by the user of the
product, the same user of customer is better place to define quality for the
organization.
(Oakland, 1993) this is because the definition of
quality cannot be erroneous while the
practice is correct, except, of course by simple coincidence. A need clearly
arises to unity certain beliefs, especially as related to quality management.
The concept of customer and supplier is in most
organization limited to the interface between the supplier of raw materials of
the purchasing organization and those who take or make use of the output of the
organization. This concept is limited in its use if that be the case as evident
in the fact that every one on an purchasing organization is both a supplier and
customer to another person in the same purchasing organization (Oakland, 1993)
lack of knowledge of which may frustrate the role of purchasing in quality
determination.
Understanding of such purchasing in quality
determination principle will make for improved organizational operations or
business process to what extent are such principles understood, accepted and
practiced.
1.3 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
A. Evaluating
i. The
level of awareness of purchasing in quality determination in Michelin Nigeria
limited.
ii. The
level of acceptance of purchasing in quality determination in Michelin Nigeria
limited
iii. The
extent of practice purchasing in quality determination in Michelin to which the
limited.
b. Determining
the extent to which the practice of purchasing in quality determination has
brought about the achievement of organizational objectives.
c. providing
a back ground for further research in this area, in River state and
Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTION
To what extent has the organizations production
quality improved sine that practice of the role of purchasing in quality
determination?
2. Has there been an improvement in the level of output since
adopting purchasing in quality determination. Yes
No
3. To
what extent has the waste level reduced since the practice of purchasing in
quality determination?...................
4. How
was the general efficiency level improved with the practice of purchasing in
quality determination? ………………………………
5. Does your organization have purchasing department. Yes No
6. What
position does purchasing occupy in your organization?
a. Top position
b. Middle position
c. Routine position
7. What
system of purchasing do your organization operate?
a. Centralized
b. Decentralized
c. Combination f the both
8. Does
the purchasing unit have a limited authority or control in the purchasing
materials?
a. Yes
b. N0
9. Who is
responsible for purchasing in your organization?
a. Top management
b. department heads
c. Purchasing
units
10. Do your purchasing go into proper planning in maintaining total
quality of product? Yes No
11. If yes,
what aspect of the management indulge in the planning?
a. Top management
b. Middle
management
c. Lower management
d. All of the above
12. In ascertaining total quality, do your purchasing consider the
synergistic effect of marketing mix variables? Yes
N0
13. In applying totals quality determination in maintaining product
standard does your purchasing involves in turn around maintenance of equipment
in tools? Yes N0
14. How
much percentage of finance do your purchasing
put in, in maintaining product standard?
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 40%
d. 50%
15. What
quality determination dimension do they adopt?
a. Specification quality
b. Conformance quality
c. Reliability quality
16. Do your
purchasing indulge in quality control?
a. Yes
b. N0
17. If yes,
what quality determination technique do the adopt?
a. Control chats
b. Specified acceptance sampling
plan
c. All of the above
18. Do your
purchasing consider qualified personnel in the functional areas of your purchasing?
a. Yes
b. N0
19. Position
in the purchasing department?
a. Junior staff
b. Senior staff
c. management
d. Supervisor
20. Does
quality determination create room is maintaining the production standard?
a. Yes
b. N0
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
They holds that every organization, regardless of
the industry to which it belongs or the nature to which it belongs or the
nature, of its activities can make use
of quality determination techniques other theorist propound that only
organizations with existing managerial problems or ineffective managerial
structures needs to adopt purchasing in
quality determination.
This research seeks to find out the truth quality
determination is an off-shoot of other earlier managerial constructs concept and
theorist, this is obvious because the concept of quality is clearly now, now
but the concept of quality determination it is believed that purchasing in
quality determination will then open other chapters in the push for more
improved methods of running organizations aimed at the attainment of zero error
in production. That is, new directions in management theory can be suggested by
research, such as this. Although, most theories of purchasing in quality determination
are adopted from management theory already in existence, purchasing in quality
determination in only interested in refining their practicability to the
benefit and or efficient running of the organization.
Total quality
is an approach to management that has evolved from a narrow focus on
statistical process control (SPC) to incorporate a variety of technical
behavioural methods of improving organizational performance.
1.6 SCOPE
OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study of the project work over
the role of purchasing in quality determination in a Michelin Nigerian limited.
The department in Michelin were investigation and interviewed were carried out
are in the purchasing department, engineering department etc. in the purchasing
department, the section that was carried out investigation and interview in the
determination of quality and procurement section land quality control section
while in the engineering department, the section that was carried investigation
and interview is in the design engineering section.
ÂIn this since, the essences of conducting this
research are to find out the role of purchasing in quality determination in its
Michelin Nigeria limited.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
OF THE STUDY
Every study has its limitations fall below.
The ideas, which the research has established or
acknowledge. Naturally, knowledge of these limitations is essential for an
appropriate interpretation of the findings. Devoid of the basic limitations
that are general to almost every research such as time, cost of materials,
mobility collecting and processing of data, and restrictions related to
difficulties in the interpretations of findings as a result of the nature of
the characteristics of the population.
This research has its own unavailability of related
materials, difficult in accessing purchasing organization records, for example,
Michelin, for over decades an industry leader in the manufacture of both
domestic and industrial size tyries.
That was party as a result of the close guarding
of information of any sort or form which could have given up their technological secrets.
Notable among the many limitations that brought
about by the external environment, that is the motivations extraneous that many
account for any success or failures in implementation and, or execution of
purchasing in quality determination in the organization. as much as possible, the external environment
will be checked or held constant to ensure that reliable result are obtained
from this study.
1.8 DEFINITIONS
OF TERMS
A. Total
quality (TQ)
Total quality can best described as anything that
an organization, a society or a community does, which in the eyes of other
determines its reputation on a comparative basic with the best alternative.
B. Quality
Determination (PQD)
This is a sub-element of total quality and
embraces the managerial and organizations features. It does not include the
philosophical or business strategic
issues. The word affairs of others or an act or instance of guiding or the
careful guarding of an asset (Hutehin 1992).
c. Total
Quality Determination (TQD)
this is the term used in Japan which frustrates
as total quality as earlier described. It is a profound concept and goes far
beyond the parameters to purchasing quality determination. This is because the
word “control†implies that there is:
i.
A plan
ii.
Performance of
the play-doing
iii.
Comparism
between plan and performance checking
iv.
Corrective
action in the difference
v.
Competitive
benchmarking
This is the attaining and setting of standards
that effectively and eventually becomes largest for all serious competitors in
the same or related industries. Such comparism of standard can be made in
almost any measure, many of which are not industry specific.
Examples includes debtor rations, credit period.
Labour turnover, age of employees, training level.
Benchmarking is a contains process of measuring a
company’s products, services and methods practices either against direct
competition or company know and accepted as leaders (Barridan 1998).
The measure can be internal, unit to unit,
competitive, by product function or
services, industry leader comparison with leaders in the industry, generic,
comparison of function or processes which are the same regardless of industry,
example, distribution. Benchmarking study are carried out or done to find out
best practice in the critical processes deduction from the organizations
critical success factors or CSF’s.
(Akinduro 1997).
E. Quality
Assurance (QA)
This is concerned with the establishment and
maintenance of documented procedures designed to ensure that design,
development and operational activities result in product or services contracted
requirements.
F. Quality
Determination (QD)
This embraces all activities concerned with
measurement, data collection and analysis, conducted within the plays laid down
by QA, which are designed to give early warming
of negative trends in processes to enable corrective produced.
G. Statistical
Quality Determination (SQD)
This is one and the same with statistical process
control (SPC). A part of Q C, but including a wide range of technique for the
diagnosis, elimination very from simple to the siglisticated.
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